Scientists with the University of Chicago have discovered a way to create a material that can be made like a plastic, but conducts electricity more like a metal.
The research, published Oct. 26 in Nature, shows
how to make a kind of material in which the molecular fragments are jumbled and
disordered, but can still conduct electricity extremely well.
This goes against all of the rules we
know about for conductivity—to a scientist, it’s kind of seeing a car driving
on water and still going 70 mph. But the finding could also be extraordinarily
useful; if you want to invent something revolutionary, the process often first
starts with discovering a completely new material.
“In principle, this opens up the design of a whole new class of materials that conduct electricity, are easy to shape, and are very robust in everyday conditions,” said John Anderson, an associate professor of chemistry at the University of Chicago and the senior author on the study. “Essentially, it suggests new possibilities for an extremely important technological group of materials,” said Jiaze Xie (PhD’22, now at Princeton), the first author on the paper.
‘There isn’t a solid theory to explain this’
Conductive materials are absolutely
essential if you’re making any kind of electronic device, whether it be an
iPhone, a solar panel, or a television. By far the oldest and largest group of
conductors is the metals: copper, gold, aluminum. Then, about 50 years ago,
scientists were able to create conductors made out of organic materials, using
a chemical treatment known as “doping,” which sprinkles in different atoms or
electrons through the material. This is advantageous because these materials
are more flexible and easier to process than traditional metals, but the
trouble is they aren’t very stable; they can lose their conductivity if exposed
to moisture or if the temperature gets too high.
But fundamentally, both of these organic and
traditional metallic conductors share a common characteristic. They are made up
of straight, closely packed rows of atoms or molecules. This means that
electrons can easily flow through the material, much like cars on a highway. In
fact, scientists thought a material had to
have these straight, orderly rows in order to conduct electricity efficiently.
Then Xie began experimenting with some
materials discovered years ago, but largely ignored. He strung nickel atoms
like pearls into a string of of molecular beads made of carbon and sulfur, and
began testing.
To the scientists’ astonishment, the
material easily and strongly conducted electricity. What’s more, it was very
stable. “We heated it, chilled it, exposed it to air and humidity, and even
dripped acid and base on it, and nothing happened,” said Xie. That is
enormously helpful for a device that has to function in the real world.
But to the scientists, the most striking
thing was that the molecular structure of the material was disordered. “From a
fundamental picture, that should not be able to be a metal,” said Anderson.
“There isn’t a solid theory to explain this.”
Xie, Anderson, and their lab worked with
other scientists around the university to try to understand how the material
can conduct electricity. After tests, simulations, and theoretical work, they
think that the material forms layers, like sheets in a lasagna. Even if the
sheets rotate sideways, no longer forming a neat lasagna stack, electrons can
still move horizontally or vertically—as long as the pieces touch.
The end result is unprecedented for a
conductive material. “It’s almost like conductive Play-Doh—you can smush it
into place and it conducts electricity,” Anderson said.
The scientists are excited because the
discovery suggests a fundamentally new design principle for electronics
technology. Conductors are so important that virtually any new development
opens up new lines for technology, they explained.
One of the material’s attractive
characteristics is new options for processing. For example, metals usually have
to be melted in order to be made into the right shape for a chip or device,
which limits what you can make with them, since other components of the device
have to be able to withstand the heat needed to process these materials.
The new material has no such restriction
because it can be made at room temperatures. It can also be used where the need
for a device or pieces of the device to withstand heat, acid or alkalinity, or
humidity has previously limited engineers’ options to develop new technology.
The team is also exploring the different forms and functions the material might make. “We think we can make it 2-D or 3-D, make it porous, or even introduce other functions by adding different linkers or nodes,” said Xie.
Journal article: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05261-4
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