Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, commonly known as CPR,[1] is an emergency procedure
performed in an effort to manually preserve intact brain function until further
measures are taken to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a
person who is in cardiac arrest. It
is indicated in those
who are unresponsive with no breathing or abnormal breathing, for example, agonal respirations.
According to the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation
guidelines, CPR involves chest compressions for adults between 5 cm
(2.0 in) and 6 cm (2.4 in) deep and at a rate of at least 100 to
120 per minute.[2] The rescuer may also provide breaths by
either exhaling into the subject's mouth or nose or using a device that pushes
air into the subject's lungs. This process of externally providing ventilation
is termed artificial respiration.
Current recommendations place emphasis on high-quality chest compressions over
artificial respiration; a simplified CPR method involving chest compressions
only is recommended for untrained rescuers. In children only doing compressions
may result in worse outcomes.[3]
CPR alone is unlikely to restart the heart. Its main purpose is to restore
partial flow of oxygenated blood to the brain and heart. The objective is to delay tissue death and to extend the brief window of
opportunity for a successful resuscitation without permanent brain damage. Administration of an electric shock
to the subject's heart, termed defibrillation, is usually needed in order to
restore a viable or "perfusing" heart rhythm. Defibrillation is
effective only for certain heart rhythms, namely ventricular
fibrillation or pulseless
ventricular tachycardia, rather than asystole or pulseless
electrical activity. CPR may succeed in inducing a heart rhythm that
may be shockable. In general, CPR is continued until the person has a return of
spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or is declared dead.
How
to Perform CPR video
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