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You can't hear it, yet this sound may explain paranormal experiences - medicalxpress

Credit: Unsplash/CC0 Public Domain

Infrasound is very low-frequency sound, below 20 Hertz (Hz), which humans typically can't hear. It can come from natural sources like storms, or from anthropogenic sources like traffic. Some animals use it to communicate, while others avoid it. Scientists investigating humans' ability to sense infrasound determined that we can't detect it, but we do respond to it: it's linked to increased irritability and higher cortisol levels.

"Infrasound is pervasive in everyday environments, appearing near ventilation systems, traffic, and industrial machinery," said Prof Rodney Schmaltz of MacEwan University, senior author of the article in Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience.

"Many people are exposed to it without knowing it. Our findings suggest that even a brief exposure may shift mood and raise cortisol, which highlights the importance of understanding how infrasound affects people in real-world settings.

"Consider visiting a supposedly haunted building. Your mood shifts, you feel agitated, but you can't see or hear anything unusual. In an old building, there is a good chance that infrasound is present, particularly in basements where aging pipes and ventilation systems produce low-frequency vibrations.

"If you were told the building was haunted, you might attribute that agitation to something supernatural. In reality, you may simply have been exposed to infrasound."

Sound of the underground

The scientists recruited 36 participants and invited them to sit alone in a room while either calming or unsettling music was played. For half the participants, hidden subwoofers played infrasound at 18 Hz. After listening, they were asked to report their feelings, their emotional rating of the music, and whether they thought the infrasound was present. They also gave saliva samples before and after listening.

The scientists found that participants' salivary cortisol levels were higher if they had been listening to infrasound. These participants also reported feeling more irritable and less interested, and thinking the music was sadder. But they couldn't tell they were listening to infrasound.

"This study suggests that the body can respond to infrasound even when we can't consciously hear it," said Schmaltz. "Participants could not reliably identify whether infrasound was present, and their beliefs about whether it was on had no detectable effect on their cortisol or mood."

"Increased irritability and higher cortisol are naturally related, because when people feel more irritated or stressed, cortisol tends to rise as part of the body's normal stress response," said Kale Scatterty, first author and Ph.D. student at the University of Alberta. "But infrasound exposure had effects on both outcomes that went beyond that natural relationship."

Felt but not heard

These results indicate that humans can sense but not identify infrasound, though the mechanism remains unclear. They also suggest we may need to investigate whether prolonged infrasound exposure could impact health through consistently elevated cortisol levels and well-being issues related to lowered mood and increased irritability.

"Increased cortisol levels help the body respond to immediate stressors by inducing a state of vigilance," said Prof Trevor Hamilton of MacEwan University, corresponding author.

"This is an evolutionarily-adapted response that helps us in many situations. However, prolonged cortisol release is not a good thing. It can lead to a variety of physiological conditions and alter mental health."

Because the sample was comparatively small, the scientists carried out sensitivity analyses before drawing conclusions from their results.

They confirmed that their study could detect moderate to large effects of infrasound, which includes their main findings. However, more research with greater, more diverse participant samples will be needed to fully understand how infrasound influences human emotion and behavior.

"This study was in many ways a first step towards understanding the effects of infrasound on humans," cautioned Scatterty. "So far, we've only tested a specific frequency. There could be many more frequencies and combinations that have their own differential effects. We also only collected subjective reports of how the participants felt after exposure, without directly observing their responses during the trial."

"The first priority would be testing a wider range of frequencies and exposure durations," added Schmaltz. "Infrasound in real environments is rarely a single clean tone, and we don't yet know how different frequencies or combinations affect mood and physiology. If those patterns become clearer, the findings could eventually inform noise regulations or building design standards.

"As someone who studies pseudoscience and misinformation, what stands out to me is that infrasound produces real, measurable reactions without any visible or audible source. So, the next time something feels inexplicably off in a basement or old building, consider that the cause might be vibrating pipes rather than restless spirits." 

Provided by Frontiers 

by Frontiers

edited by Sadie Harley, reviewed by Robert Egan 

Source: You can't hear it, yet this sound may explain paranormal experiences 

Alien comet carries record-heavy water, and its birthplace looks nothing like our cosmic neighborhood

A new study of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS led by the University of Michigan shows that its water has a remarkably high content of deuterium. This form of hydrogen is comparatively less abundant in our solar system, enabling researchers to glean new insights about other planetary processes at work in our galaxy. Credit: U-M News/Hans Anderson

Less than a year ago, astronomers discovered a comet soaring through our sky that was not from our solar system. Although we still don't know where this interstellar object called 3I/ATLAS came from, research led by the University of Michigan has revealed new insights about its birthplace. Wherever that was, it was much colder than the environment that created our solar system.

A comet rich in heavy water

The new finding is based on the observation that 3I/ATLAS is remarkably rich in a specific type of water that contains deuterium. The team's study is published in the journal Nature Astronomy.

"Our new observations show that the conditions that led to the formation of our solar system are much different from how planetary systems evolved in different parts of our galaxy," said Luis Salazar Manzano, lead author of the new study and a doctoral student in the U-M Department of Astronomy.

Water is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, hence its H₂O formula. In typical water molecules, though, those hydrogen atoms have just one proton at their core. In the comet's water, a high ratio of its water molecules contain deuterium, a form of hydrogen with the standard issue proton plus a neutron. These heavier forms of water also exist on Earth, but in much lower quantities than were observed in 3I/ATLAS.

"The amount of deuterium with respect to ordinary hydrogen in water is higher than anything we've seen before in other planetary systems and planetary comets," Salazar Manzano said.

In fact, the ratio was 30 times that of any comet in our solar system, Salazar Manzano said, and 40 times the value found in the water in our oceans.

These ratios tell researchers about the conditions that were present where these celestial objects formed, allowing them to compare the birthplace of 3I/ATLAS with our solar system when planets and comets were forming. In particular, this result means 3I/ATLAS came from somewhere colder and with lower levels of radiation, said Teresa Paneque-Carreño, a co-leader of the new study and U-M assistant professor of astronomy.

"This is proof that whatever the conditions were that led to the creation of our solar system are not ubiquitous throughout space," Paneque-Carreño said. "That may sound obvious, but it's one of those things that you need to prove."

How astronomers studied 3I/ATLAS

Accomplishing an unprecedented study like this required a lot of things going right, the team said. It started with astronomers discovering 3I/ATLAS early enough to enable follow-up studies, Paneque-Carreño said.

With the comet's timely discovery, Salazar Manzano and other collaborators could secure time at the MDM Observatory in Arizona, where they saw some of the earliest evidence of gas emission from the comet (MDM stands for Michigan, Dartmouth and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the observatory's original partners).

That's when Salazar Manzano contacted Paneque-Carreño to collaborate, who brought expertise with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, or ALMA, in Chile to further observe and characterize the comet's chemical properties.

ALMA is sensitive enough to detect the subtle difference between deuterated and conventional water that the team could characterize the ratio between the two. This study represents the first time scientists have been able to perform this type of analysis on an interstellar object.

"Being at the University of Michigan and having access to these facilities was the key to making this work possible," Salazar Manzano said. "We were part of a team that was very talented and very experienced in multiple areas, all of us complemented each other and that's what allowed us to analyze and interpret these data sets."

What this means for future searches

This work also shows that it will be possible to characterize future interstellar objects in this way to learn more about what goes on in planetary systems beyond our solar system. Although 3I/ATLAS is only the third interstellar object that astronomers have discovered to date, that count is likely to increase as new observatories join the search, Paneque-Carreño said—as long as we don't make it too hard on ourselves.

"We need to be taking care of our night skies and keeping them clear and dark so we can detect these tiny and faint objects," she said. 

edited by Sadie Harley, reviewed by Robert Egan

Source: Alien comet carries record-heavy water, and its birthplace looks nothing like our cosmic neighborhood 

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NASA’s Perseverance, Curiosity Panoramas Capture Two Sides of Mars - NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory - UNIVERSE

 

Learn how NASA’s Curiosity and Perseverance Mars rovers are exploring different chapters of the Red Planet’s ancient history. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS/ESA/University of Arizona/JHUAPL/USGS Astrogeology Science Center

NASA’s Curiosity and Perseverance rovers have captured two 360-degree landscapes that highlight how the missions are revealing details of the Red Planet’s formation, watery past, and potential for life. Located 2,345 miles (3,775 kilometers) apart from each other on Mars — about the distance from Los Angeles to Washington, D.C. — both rovers are exploring areas that are billions of years old. But as the nearly 15-year-old Curiosity reaches ever-younger terrain in the foothills of Mount Sharp, the 5-year-old Perseverance is venturing into some of the oldest landscapes in the entire solar system. By time-traveling in opposite directions, the rovers are filling in missing details about the planet’s history.

Stitched together from 1,031 images taken between Nov. 9 and Dec. 7, 2025, Curiosity’s 360-degree panorama offers a detailed look into a region filled with a vast network of boxwork formations: Resembling giant spiderwebs in orbiter images, the low ridges were created by groundwater that once flowed through large fractures in the bedrock. The minerals left behind hardened the rock along the fractures, resulting in erosion-resistant ridges.

Perseverance’s panorama focuses on a place nicknamed “Lac de Charmes,” which sits outside the rim of Jezero Crater. Taken between Dec. 18, 2025, and Jan. 25, 2026, 980 images were stitched together for a 360-degree view capturing the Jezero rim and ancient rocks around the crater.

Driven by Curiosity

Today, both of these landscapes are frigid deserts, but evidence of a more dynamic past hides within. When Curiosity landed on the floor of Gale Crater in 2012, it set out to determine whether Mars once had the conditions to support life. Within a year, a sample drilled from an ancient lakebed confirmed those conditions had been present, including the right chemistry and potential nutrients for microbes.

NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover captured this 360-degree view of a region filled with low ridges called boxwork formations between Nov. 9 and Dec. 7, 2025. At 1.5 billion pixels, this is one of the largest panoramas Curiosity has ever taken.

Since 2014, Curiosity has been ascending Mount Sharp. Towering 3 miles (5 kilometers) above the crater floor, the mountain first began forming when layers of sediment were deposited in a series of lakes. Long after those lakes dried up, ponds and streams returned several times, leaving a record in the mountain’s layers that formed in drier eras. Because the lowest layers are oldest and higher layers are youngest, Curiosity is essentially progressing back through geological time as it slowly climbs the mountain.

Last year, Curiosity’s team documented how they found that the mineral siderite might be storing carbon dioxide that once was part of a thicker, early atmosphere. Scientists had long suspected that carbonate minerals such as siderite formed when carbon dioxide dissolved into ancient lakes, but such deposits had only rarely been found.

The mission also announced the detection of three of the largest organic molecules ever found on Mars in a sample it had drilled in 2013. The discovery of these long-chain hydrocarbons — possibly the remnants of fatty acids — are a milestone in the search for more complex, prebiotic chemistry on the Red Planet.

And this year, they announced that a rock Curiosity drilled and analyzed in 2020 includes the most diverse collection of organic molecules ever found on the Red Planet. Of the 21 carbon-containing molecules identified in the sample, seven of them were detected for the first time on Mars.

Persevering for science

Perseverance landed in Mars’ Jezero Crater in 2021 to study the origin of ancient rocks within the crater and to hunt for evidence that microbial life once existed. Billions of years ago, molten rock cooled to form the floor of Jezero Crater. A river then fed a lake in the crater, leaving behind sediments where traces of microbes could have been preserved. In 2024, the mission discovered a rock nicknamed “Cheyava Falls” that was dotted with “leopard spots,” a pattern formed by chemical reactions that microbes are known to create in rocks here on Earth.

NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover captured this 360-degree panorama of a region nicknamed “Crocodile Bridge” on the rim of Jezero Crater. This region holds some of the oldest rocks anywhere in the solar system.

NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS

While Curiosity pulverizes its rock samples for analysis, Perseverance collects samples as intact rock cores, each about the size of a piece of blackboard chalk, and stores them in metal tubes. Aside from a backup set of 10 tubes Perseverance deposited in a sample depot, the rover keeps all its samples (23 so far) on board in its interior. Scientists hope to get these samples into labs on Earth where they can investigate them more fully with instruments far bigger and more complicated than those that can be sent to Mars.

Meanwhile, Perseverance continues to investigate other aspects of the Red Planet. For instance, this past fall, mission scientists shared the first recordings of electrical sparks in passing dust devils — a phenomenon that had only been theorized before Perseverance’s microphones caught them. A separate study detailed how one of Perseverance’s sensitive cameras was able to capture the first visible light auroras from the surface of another planet.

Both missions are looking forward to the next discoveries as they continue to unravel the secrets of Mars. Curiosity has left the boxwork region behind as it continues to explore a mountain layer enriched in salty minerals called sulfates; Perseverance will keep heading toward locations that hold exceptionally old terrain, including one called “Singing Canyon.”

Managed for NASA by Caltech, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California built and manages operations of both Curiosity and Perseverance on behalf of the agency’s Science Mission Directorate as part of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program portfolio.

To learn more about NASA’s exploration of Mars, visit: https://science.nasa.gov/mars 

Source: NASA’s Perseverance, Curiosity Panoramas Capture Two Sides of Mars - NASA

Vitamin D May Significantly Boost Breast Cancer Treatment Success

A new clinical study is adding a surprising ally to the fight against breast cancer: vitamin D. Researchers found that women who took a relatively modest daily supplement of vitamin D while undergoing chemotherapy were nearly twice as likely to experience complete tumor elimination compared to those who did not, a finding that is turning heads in the oncology community.

The Study at a Glance

The Brazilian randomized clinical trial, published in March 2025 in the journal Nutrition and Cancer, enrolled 80 women over the age of 45 who had breast cancer and were eligible for neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the type of chemotherapy used to shrink tumors before surgery. The participants were divided into two groups: one received 2,000 IU of vitamin D daily alongside their standard treatment, and the other received a placebo.

After six months, the results were striking. In the vitamin D group, 43% of women achieved a pathological complete response (pCR), meaning no cancer cells were detectable in tissue samples after treatment. In the placebo group, only 24% reached the same outcome. That is nearly double the success rate, from a supplement widely available and generally safe at low doses.

These pCR rates are considered especially impressive given that nearly two-thirds of the participants had hormone-receptor positive (luminal) cancers, which typically show pCR rates of only around 15% with standard chemotherapy alone.

How Might Vitamin D Help?

Scientists believe vitamin D acts on multiple fronts in the tumor environment. It may help regulate how cancer cells grow their own blood supply, influence the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs, and even reduce the ability of cancer cells to spread to other parts of the body. At the cellular level, vitamin D can inhibit tumor cell proliferation by regulating cell cycle genes and triggering programmed cell death (apoptosis).

This is not the first study to connect vitamin D to improved breast cancer outcomes. A 2024 review published in Nutrients found that serum vitamin D levels between 26 and 54 ng/mL appeared to exert a protective effect against breast cancer. Crucially, the women in the new trial achieved a mean serum level of 28 ng/mL, right in that beneficial range, from just 2,000 IU per day. 

What This Means for Patients 

Vitamin D deficiency is common globally, and low levels at the time of breast cancer diagnosis have been associated with more aggressive disease progression. While the results of this trial are promising, experts note that larger studies will be needed to confirm reproducibility across different populations and cancer subtypes. As always, patients should consult their oncologist before adding any supplement to their treatment plan.

Still, the potential upside is hard to ignore: a safe, inexpensive supplement that may meaningfully improve the odds of eliminating a tumor before surgery. Further research into vitamin D as an adjunct to standard cancer therapy looks more warranted than ever.

Journal article:

Omodei MS, Chimicoviaki J, Buttros DAB, Almeida-Filho BS, Carvalho-Pessoa CP, Carvalho-Pessoa E, Vespoli HDL, Nahas EAP. “Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Pathological Complete Response in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.” Nutrition and Cancer. Published 17 March 2025. DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2025.2480854. Funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). 

Source: Vitamin D May Significantly Boost Breast Cancer Treatment Success – Scents of Science 

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