NASA’s Swift Sees ‘Wandering’ Mega Black Hole Shredding Star - UNIVERSE

This artist's concept depicts a tidal disruption event, which occurs when a star passes fatally close to a supermassive black hole. Crumbs of the splintering star heat up as they swirl around the black hole, creating a glow astronomers can see from far across the cosmos, and the black hole launches a relativistic jet into space.

NRAO/AUI/NSF/NASA

NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory captured an “orphan” black hole lighting up as it devoured a star on the outskirts of a faraway galaxy. These phenomena are rare to begin with, and none had ever before been seen so far outside of a galaxy’s core.

“We were looking for these star-shredding events as a way to find otherwise invisible supermassive black holes wandering away from the galactic cores where they usually reside,” said Robert Stein, a research fellow at The University of Maryland, College Park and NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “With this discovery, which is one of just a couple that have been confirmed so far, we’ve validated a new technique and can use it to hunt for more.”

A paper describing the results, led by Stein, was published Monday in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

Researchers saw an ultrabright flare unleashed by a star being torn apart by extreme gravitational forces after drifting too close to a monster black hole — a phenomenon called a tidal disruption event. The black hole behind the blast weighs in at about a million times the Sun’s mass. Its existence was first flagged in November 2025 as an unusual brightening in a galaxy about 750 million light-years away by ZTF (Zwicky Transient Facility), a survey conducted by the Palomar Observatory in Southern California.

“Out of the half million flashes ZTF detects each night, our new artificial intelligence algorithm automatically recognized a flare that looked a lot like a tidal disruption event, despite its unusual location in the outskirts of a galaxy,” Stein said. For a few months, the tidal disruption event outshone its entire host galaxy in ultraviolet wavelengths, temporarily radiating with the light of about 10 billion suns.

This gif shows the galaxy WISEA J014656.04-152214.7, located about 750 million light-years away in the constellation Cetus, before and after a tidal disruption event was spotted on its outer edge in November 2025. The image at left was taken by the DESI (Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument) Legacy Survey and the one at right is from the Lowell Discovery Telescope.

Lowell Discovery Telescope/Legacy Survey/Robert Stein

Other telescopes, including the SOAR (Southern Astrophysical Research) telescope in Chile, followed up on the ZTF source to look at the event’s spectrum, which revealed features supporting that it was likely a tidal disruption event. Astronomers then used NASA’s Swift to look at wavelengths they can’t detect with ground-based telescopes to uncover new information. For example, Swift’s UVOT (Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope) took the blip’s temperature and found that it had quite a fever at about 54,000 degrees Fahrenheit (30,000 degrees Celsius).

“The combination of all this data helped us rule out other explanations and confidently say it’s a tidal disruption event, despite its strange location,” said Jonathan Carney, a doctoral student at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, who took the first spectra that supported the flare’s interpretation as a tidal disruption event.

Hidden heavyweights

Nearly every galaxy in the universe is anchored by a supermassive black hole sitting right in the center. About once every 100,000 years, a star will drift too close to this invisible heavyweight and trigger a tidal disruption event.

While they’re rather rare in any given galaxy, scientists scour millions of galaxies for them. Each year, astronomical surveys typically spot about 30 tidal disruption events occurring somewhere in the universe.

Prior to 2024, they’d only been seen in galaxy cores. That’s partly because astronomers mainly looked for them there; after all, it’s where all the known supermassive black holes were, and you can’t get a tidal disruption event without one (the gravitational pull of lighter black holes isn’t strong enough).

Then scientists saw the telltale signs of a star being shredded 2,600 light-years from the center of its host galaxy. That inspired more astronomers to look beyond galaxy cores for similar events, and now a team has identified one more than 30,000 light-years away from a galaxy’s center.

This video visualizes a star approaching a supermassive black hole so closely that it's stretched to a breaking point by the black hole's strong gravity. Intense tidal forces crack the star open and hurl its gaseous guts outward. Stellar debris forms a spinning accretion disk as it continues to spiral into the black hole.

NASA, ESA, STScI, Ralf Crawford (STScI)

Oddball origin story

So how did the newfound black hole become so off-kilter?

“It must have originated in a galaxy’s center, but not the one it’s in the outskirts of now,” Stein said. “We think the host galaxy’s supermassive black hole is still at its core, but the one eating the star could have started off in a small galaxy that merged with the big one we see today.”

The researchers have outlined two possibilities. Three or more galaxies may have merged together, and the gravitational tug-of-war between their central supermassive black holes may have flung the lightest black hole out to the galaxy’s edge.

Or a dwarf galaxy could be midway through a merger. As the dwarf’s stars fell into the larger galaxy, one may have passed too close to the dwarf’s supermassive black hole.

“Further discoveries could reveal the origin of this apparent ‘orphan’ black hole,” Stein said. “The key science question we want to answer is: How common are wandering black holes?”

The answer may soon be within reach. “Pointed science observations with Swift's UVOT and XRT (X-Ray Telescope) instruments are temporarily suspended as the mission awaits an orbit boost, which is planned for this summer,” said co-author S. Bradley Cenko, Swift’s principal investigator at NASA Goddard. The spacecraft, whose primary mission ran from 2004 to 2006, is slowly sinking toward Earth due to atmospheric drag after more than 20 years of observations of the changing universe. Nudging it to a higher orbit could extend its lifetime even longer. “Once it resumes normal operations, Swift could continue searching for more examples of out-of-place black holes.”

In the coming years, scientists will use the new technique to search for disintegrating stars in observations from the newly operational Vera C. Rubin Observatory, jointly funded by the U.S. Department of Energy and National Science Foundation, in Chile and NASA’s upcoming Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope.

“Rubin’s wide, deep surveys will reveal a much larger sample of tidal disruption events than current observatories are capable of collecting, including ones that are off-center,” Carney said. “And Roman’s space-based surveys will extend the current search zone by seeing ones that are farther away, looking back through 9 billion years of cosmic history.” Adding their observations to Swift’s and those from ground-based observatories will bring astronomers closer than ever before to completing a census of the universe’s behemoth black holes.

To learn more about the Swift mission, visit: https://nasa.gov/swift 

Source: NASA’s Swift Sees ‘Wandering’ Mega Black Hole Shredding Star - NASA Science 

Ultraprecise battery scan maps nanoscale electrode thickness variations to improve EV fire safety - Energy & Green Tech - Automotive

Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public

A KAIST research team has developed a method capable of detecting minute variations in battery electrode thickness that can contribute to thermal runaway with a precision equivalent to approximately one ten-thousandth of the diameter of a human hair, all without disassembling or damaging the battery. The technology is expected to improve battery safety and quality by identifying invisible defects during the manufacturing process.

A research team led by professor Young-Jin Kim of the Department of Mechanical Engineering has developed a technology that measures the thickness of lithium-ion battery electrodes in a noncontact and nondestructive manner.

The study was led by Dr. Guseon Kang of the KAIST Department of Mechanical Engineering, currently with the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, as the first author, with Kim serving as the corresponding author. The research findings were published in Nature Communications on June 10.

Why thickness uniformity is critical

The technology combines terahertz waves (electromagnetic waves in the spectral region between light and radio waves) with an optical frequency comb, which divides the frequency of light into evenly spaced intervals like the markings on a ruler and serves as a reference for ultra-precise measurements.

The electrodes in lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used in electric vehicles, are essential components through which electric current flows. Even a slight variation in electrode thickness can cause current to become concentrated in certain areas when charging and discharging, generating heat. If the heat continues to accumulate, it may lead to thermal runaway, a phenomenon in which a battery's internal temperature rises rapidly and can result in a fire or explosion. Maintaining uniform electrode thickness is therefore critically important during battery manufacturing.

Existing inspection technologies, however, have limitations when applied to production environments. X-ray computed tomography can provide detailed images of internal structures, but its relatively long inspection time makes it difficult to use on high-speed production lines. Ultrasonic acoustic microscopy requires direct contact with a liquid medium, while laser displacement sensors can perform rapid measurements but have difficulty precisely analyzing structures inside an electrode.

Combining terahertz with a frequency comb

The research team overcame these limitations by combining optical frequency comb and terahertz technologies. The researchers first directed terahertz waves at a battery electrode and collected signals generated as the waves were repeatedly reflected within the electrode. They then used an optical frequency comb as a reference to analyze the signals with exceptionally high precision and calculate the electrode thickness. This enabled nanometer-scale measurements of the electrode's internal structure without damaging the battery.

At the core of the technology is Fabry–Pérot interference, a regularly spaced interference pattern produced as terahertz waves repeatedly travel back and forth between the front and rear surfaces of an electrode. Much like measuring length by reading the markings on a ruler, the researchers precisely analyzed the interference pattern using the optical frequency comb as a reference to determine the electrode thickness.

As a result, the team successfully measured both the electrode thickness and its complex refractive index (a material's optical property indicating how strongly it transmits and absorbs electromagnetic waves) in a single measurement without requiring a separate calibration process.

Precision at production-line speeds

The researchers validated the technology using battery electrodes measuring between 50 and 150 micrometers in thickness, comparable to the diameter of a human hair. With a measurement time of just 0.2 seconds, the system detected thickness differences as small as 70.1 nanometers in the anode (approximately one fourteen-hundredth of the diameter of a human hair) and 465.5 nanometers in the cathode. This measurement speed is considered sufficient for use on rapidly moving battery production lines.

When the measurement time was increased to 25.6 seconds, the precision improved further. The system distinguished differences as small as 7.8 nanometers in the anode (approximately one ten-thousandth of the diameter of a human hair) and 25.2 nanometers in the cathode. This represents up to a 100-fold improvement in precision compared with conventional time-domain analysis methods, enabling the detection of thickness variations that are completely invisible to the naked eye.

The technology is not limited to measuring thickness at a single point. It can generate a three-dimensional map of thickness across an entire electrode and track gradual thickness variations in real time during production. The researchers also confirmed that the system could accurately measure an electrode tilted at an angle of approximately 45 degrees, demonstrating its potential for application to fast-moving, real-world battery manufacturing lines.

Extending quality control to future batteries

The study is significant because it presents a new inspection technology capable of identifying invisible microscopic defects during production without disassembling or damaging batteries. In addition to lithium-ion batteries, the technology is expected to serve as a key quality-control tool for manufacturing next-generation all-solid-state batteries, which use solid electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes. By detecting defects at an early stage, the technology could improve battery safety and quality while enabling more stable manufacturing processes.

"This technology is an integrated metrology platform that can simultaneously measure electrode thickness and material properties without requiring a separate calibration process," said Kim. "We expect it to become a key technology for the real-time quality control of production lines for next-generation lithium-ion batteries and all-solid-state batteries." 

Provided by The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 

by The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)

edited by Swati Mestri, reviewed by Robert Egan 

Source: Unwritten social rules, not government oversight, help keep forest land sustainable    

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NASA’s Juno Takes Temperature of Jupiter’s Fiery Moon Io - UNIVERSE

TThe north polar region of Jupiter’s volcanic moon Io was captured by NASA’s Juno during the spacecraft’s 57th close pass of the gas giant on Dec. 30, 2023. Data from that flyby and one on Feb. 3, 2024, is helping scientists understand Io’s interior.

Image data: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS Image processing by Gerald Eichstädt

Lee esta historia en español aquí.

NASA’s Juno mission has provided the first measurements of the temperature below the surface of Jupiter’s moon Io, revealing significant heating within the shallow subsurface of the most volcanically active world in the solar system. Collected during two close flybys, the data also shows that most of Io’s surface is remarkably smooth and composed of material of very low density.

Published Wednesday in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, these findings break new observational ground for both fiery and icy worlds beyond our planet.

Io’s extreme volcanism is powered by tidal heating. The moon is constantly stretched and squeezed by Jupiter’s immense gravity as it travels its slightly elliptical orbit, generating internal heat output many times greater than Earth’s. Until now, virtually everything known about that heat came from infrared observations, which sense only the temperature of the top surface. The latest findings are derived from data collected by the spacecraft’s Microwave Radiometer (MWR) instrument.

“The Juno Microwave Radiometer directly observed Io’s heat output by looking below the surface,” said Scott Bolton, study coauthor and Juno’s principal investigator at Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. “The surprising discovery that we could see below a rocky moon’s surface has important implications for studying Earth’s volcanoes. Juno has taught us that if we look with an MWR-type instrument near a volcano on Earth, we might see a similar signature in the subsurface temperature gradient, providing new information on how terrestrial volcanoes work.”

This map represents data captured by the Microwave Radiometer instrument aboard NASA’s Juno, indicating heat rising from just beneath the surface of Jupiter’s moon Io. The colors illustrate a distinct temperature gradient across the moon, with the most extreme, localized heat output in red.

NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/USGS

Fire, ice

Juno’s Microwave Radiometer was designed by Bolton to peer beneath Jupiter’s cloud tops to investigate the dynamics and composition of the gas giant’s deep atmosphere. The MWR’s six microwave antennas serve as a single instrument, simultaneously detecting microwaves at a wide range of wavelengths, from about half an inch to 20 inches (1.3 to 51 centimeters). During the mission’s extended phase, the MWR instrument has provided the opportunity to observe three of the planet’s Galilean moons: Ganymede, Europa, and Io.

“The technique is novel in that each wavelength explores different depths, providing a new way to characterize the deep atmosphere of giant planets and the subsurface crusts of icy and rocky moons,” said Bolton. “At Ganymede and Europa, we explored tens of miles below the surface, assuming their ice shells were mostly pure water, but the ability to probe into the volcanic rock at Io was an unexpected discovery.”

During flybys on Dec. 30, 2023, and Feb. 3, 2024, the solar-powered Juno spacecraft came within about 930 miles (1,500 kilometers) of the moon’s surface.

“The instrument measured Io’s thermal emission at depths ranging from a few inches down to tens of feet. Everywhere we looked, we found the temperature rising by more than 40 degrees Fahrenheit just several feet into the surface — a gradient far steeper than solar heating alone can explain,” said Shannon Brown, the paper’s lead author at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.

The data suggests two possible explanations. First, heat could be rising steadily through a conductive crust. While this background heat flow — measured at 1 to 3 watts per square meter — is relatively gentle on a local scale (roughly equivalent to a small nightlight glowing under every square yard), across the entire moon it represents a release of energy up to 30 times Earth’s average. Alternatively, the signal could be coming from cooling lava flows, capped by roughly 30 to 35 feet (9 to 11 meters) of solidified crust, that cover about 10% of the moon’s surface at any given time.

“Io provides a unique window into learning how tidal heating works throughout the cosmos, a fundamental process that provides energy and heat to worlds that are far from their parent star,” said Bolton. “This process can not only create the most volcanic body in the solar system, in the case of Io, but also fuels the subsurface oceans on the moons of giant planets, such as Europa and Ganymede. Up until this point we could only observe the heat escaping at the surface or through eruptions. Now we can characterize how the heat is moving from the interior toward the surface.” 

This graphic illustrates the areas of Io sampled by the Microwave Radiometer instrument aboard NASA’s Juno spacecraft during two close flybys of the Jovian moon.

NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/USGS

Great plains of Io

Another big insight gained from the two flybys is just how smooth Io is. Prior to the recent findings, the moon was known for its tall mountains, but the MWR indicates that apart from this visible topography, the surface features expansive smooth patches that stretch for 60 miles (100 kilometers) or more. Because Juno flew by overlapping regions of Io at different angles, the team was able to map how the surface reflects microwaves, much like an airline passenger might see the ocean flash with sunlight only at specific angles.

“Away from its mountains, the surface is more like the Great Plains of North America, and even though Io is a rocky body, the surface material has a very low density — more like pumice or a fluffy volcanic ash than solid rock,” said Brown.

More about Juno

A division of Caltech in Pasadena, California, JPL manages the Juno mission for the principal investigator, Scott Bolton, of the Southwest Research Institute. Juno is part of NASA’s New Frontiers Program, which is managed at the agency’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, for the NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. Lockheed Martin Space in Denver built and operates the spacecraft. More information about Juno is at: https://science.nasa.gov/mission/juno 

Source: NASA’s Juno Takes Temperature of Jupiter’s Fiery Moon Io - NASA

Same Carcinogen, Different Cancer: Why Your Genes Decide How Damage Turns Into Tumors

Most smokers never get lung cancer. Some people who’ve never touched a cigarette do. That mismatch between exposure and outcome has puzzled cancer researchers for decades, and it’s usually chalked up to some vague combination of “genetics and bad luck.” A new study published in Nature, led by researchers at the University of Cambridge working with the University of Edinburgh and collaborators across Europe and the US, offers the first real, direct evidence for what that genetic influence actually looks like, and it’s more specific than anyone expected.

The problem with studying this in people

Cancer starts when DNA accumulates mutations, errors that let cells grow uncontrollably and ignore the signals that would normally tell a damaged cell to die. Things like cigarette smoke and UV light drive up how much DNA damage a person accumulates, while inherited genetic variation can influence how many of those mutations actually stick. But testing that idea directly in humans is nearly impossible: no two people share an identical lifestyle, environment, and lifetime exposure history, so it’s very hard to isolate genetics as the variable that matters.

A cleaner experiment

To get around that, the team bred four different strains of mice with varying natural susceptibility to liver cancer, spanning roughly the same range of genetic diversity you’d see across human populations. Every mouse then received an identical dose of diethylnitrosamine, a liver carcinogen found in tobacco smoke and some processed foods, at exactly the same age. Because the exposure, timing, and dose were identical across all four strains, any differences that showed up afterward could be attributed to genetic background rather than lifestyle or environment, the variable that’s impossible to control for in human studies.

The researchers then sequenced the genomes of nearly 600 resulting tumors, along with examining untreated mice from each strain to track spontaneous tumor formation, and used that data to reconstruct how each individual tumor evolved from its original cancer-triggering mutation.

Same starting point, different roads

Across all four mouse strains, tumors nearly always picked up a driver mutation that activated the same core cancer-promoting signaling cascade, known as the MAPK pathway, a chain of molecular signals that governs cell growth and differentiation and shows up in a huge range of cancer types.

But that’s where the similarity ended. Depending on which strain a tumor arose in, the specific mutation driving that MAPK activation differed, and that choice of mutation had knock-on effects: it altered which other cancer-associated signaling pathways got switched on, and it strongly influenced whether the tumor’s entire chromosome set ended up doubling, an event called whole-genome duplication that’s associated with more aggressive cancer behavior.

In other words, inherited genetic background didn’t just change whether cancer developed. It shaped the entire evolutionary trajectory the tumor took to get there, funneling the same initial DNA damage down genuinely different molecular paths depending on the animal’s genetic makeup.

What this could mean for cancer prevention and treatment

Because inherited genetics shaped both the mutations tumors acquired and the biological pathways they ended up relying on, the researchers argue this has real implications beyond basic biology. If your genetic background steers which molecular route a tumor takes, it’s plausible that it also shapes how that tumor would respond to specific cancer drugs, many of which are designed to target particular pathways like MAPK signaling.

That points toward cancer prevention, screening, and treatment strategies that account more explicitly for a person’s inherited genetics and population-level genetic diversity, rather than treating cancer risk and cancer treatment response as largely uniform across a given environmental exposure.

The researchers are careful to note that this was done in mice, and translating the findings to humans will require further work. But it’s a rare case of directly proving, rather than just statistically suggesting, that the same environmental insult can be steered down meaningfully different cancer-causing paths purely by the genetic hand an individual was dealt.

Source: S.J. Aitken et al., “Genetic background sets the trajectory of experimental cancer evolution,” Nature, published 22 July 2026. Read the full paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10821-z 

Source: Same Carcinogen, Different Cancer: Why Your Genes Decide How Damage Turns Into Tumors 

Unwritten social rules, not government oversight, help keep forest land sustainable - Earth - Environment

Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain

Swidden agriculture—often called "slash-and-burn"—has been practiced on every inhabited continent throughout human history, and for decades it has been blamed for the destruction of the world's rainforests. However, a new study of more than 18,000 forest patches around the world found that the environmental impact of swidden is more nuanced and less destructive than the term "slash-and-burn" suggests—and that unwritten social rules in small societies, not government oversight, often regulate land use closely enough to support both harvests and forest regeneration sustainably over time.

The findings published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences have practical implications for conservation and climate policy.

"The takeaway for policymakers is that small-scale rural communities have the ability to manage community forests in sustainable ways, and they need to be supported to solve problems using their own customary practices," said lead author Sean Downey, associate professor of anthropology at The Ohio State University. "It's going to look different in Belize than it does in Africa or Indonesia."

How swidden works in practice

Swidden is one of humanity's oldest farming systems, practiced in tropical and subtropical forests for around 10,000 years. In Belize, where much of Downey's fieldwork has taken place, it involves several steps: Farmers clear a patch of forest and leave the fallen trees to dry out. Then the dried trees are burned, which releases the carbon stored in the wood back into the soil, where it serves as fertilizer. When the rainy season begins, crops (often corn) are planted and harvested once or twice before the soil's nutrients start to run low. Then the field is fallowed, essentially given time to rest while the forest regrows.

Downey has spent much of his career studying how small communities balance the demands of farming against the long-term health of the forests they depend on for their livelihood: "It's a cyclical pattern of reciprocal exchanges of agricultural labor, social norms that help regulate land use, and fire and ecosystem services that regenerate the fertility of cleared forest patches."

He first became interested in Belize's swidden agriculture in the early 2000s and later discovered that satellite imagery revealed a stark contrast at the Guatemalan border: The forest had been cleared into pasture on the Guatemalan side, while intricate patchwork mosaics of tropical forest covered the Belizean side, where Mayan communities were clustered.

When neighbors limit land clearing

The new study found that the mosaics could originate from something as commonplace as neighbors deciding whether to help each other plant corn.

When a farmer asks neighbors to help clear and plant a new field, the scale of the request makes a difference. If it's a reasonably sized plot, most will show up to help. But "if a farmer asks for too much—say, a 20-acre (8-hectare) field instead of a 2-acre (0.8-hectare) field—fewer people show up to help," Downey said. And if fewer people show up, the farmer can't clear the larger plot of land. "Over time, this guides people to ask for the right amount of land, reducing overall land use," he added.

This process, where shared expectations of right and wrong guide people's behavior, is known as normative reasoning. It is connected to the work of Nobel Prize–winning economist Elinor Ostrom, who showed that small communities can protect shared local resources through social sanctions—in this case, withholding cooperation—rather than formal rules or government enforcement.

Downey's interdisciplinary research team—which included experts in anthropology, physics, applied mathematics and remote sensing—built a computer model and analyzed remote-sensing images from real-world farming communities in Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa and South and Southeast Asia to study how people share labor, use land and select sites for swidden agriculture. They found that when farmers naturally coordinate their land-clearing efforts, the result is a mosaic of swidden fields with fractal, self-repeating patterns. At the same time, cultural and social norms help reduce the total amount of land cleared.

Together, these things help communities balance their farming needs with long-term environmental sustainability. "Until now, there haven't been many formal models that can show how small-scale swidden communities regulate land without top-down rules," Downey said.

Moderate disturbance can aid biodiversity

Importantly, the researchers also found that while clearing too much forest will turn it into grassland, the biodiversity of a forest increases when it experiences intermediate levels of disturbance.

"When you create swidden patches, you create new ecosystem niches during the fallow stage where different species thrive," Downey explained, "and you end up with higher levels of biodiversity across the landscape than you do in a mature forest alone."

In other words, the study found that swidden doesn't automatically lead to degradation. On the contrary, when used in moderation, it can enhance the ecosystem—a benefit, Downey said, that hasn't yet been incorporated into policy.

Provided by The Ohio State University 

by Elizabeth Weinstein, The Ohio State University

edited by Lisa Lock, reviewed by Robert Egan 

Source: Unwritten social rules, not government oversight, help keep forest land sustainable    

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