Imagine a mountaineering expedition in a wholly uncharted environment, where the hikers had the ability to generate a real-time 3D map of the terrain. NASA researchers and their industry partners have developed a remote-sensing mapping system set to aid explorers in the most isolated wilderness imaginable: the airless wastes at the South Pole of the Moon.
The Kinematic Navigation and Cartography Knapsack (KNaCK) is
a mobile lidar scanner – a remote sensing method that uses light detection and
ranging laser light to measure range. Donned like a hiker’s backpack, it makes
use of an innovative type of lidar called frequency modulated continuous wave
(FMCW) lidar in order to provide Doppler velocity and range for millions of
measurement points per second. These measurement points instantly create a
real-time navigation system, delivering to the explorer a 3D “point cloud” or
high-resolution map of the surrounding terrain.
Michael Zanetti, a NASA planetary scientist at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight
Center in Huntsville, Alabama, hikes the Cinder cone in Portillo volcanic field
in New Mexico in late 2021, testing the backpack-sized prototype for NASA’s
Kinematic Navigational and Cartography Knapsack (KNaCK), a mobile lidar scanner
now in development to support lunar exploration and science missions. Credits:
NASA/Michael Zanetti
Think of it as a superpowered version of laser range finders used by
surveyors or the highly sensitive proximity alarms that help smart cars avoid
collisions, said planetary scientist Dr. Michael Zanetti, who leads the KNaCK
project at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
“Basically, the sensor is a surveying tool for both navigation and science
mapping, able to create ultra-high-resolution 3D maps at centimeter-level precision
and give them a rich scientific context,” Zanetti said. “It also will help
ensure the safety of astronauts and rover vehicles in a GPS-denied environment
such as the Moon, identifying actual distances to far-off landmarks and showing
explorers in real time how far they’ve come and how far is left to go to reach
their destination.”
That’s a key challenge as Artemis-era explorers prepare
to undertake the first modern missions to the Moon, and the first ever to its
South Pole. The Sun never rises more than 3 degrees above the lunar horizon
there, leaving much of the terrain in deep shadow. That makes distances to
various points of interest difficult to eyeball.
Initiated in 2020 with funding by NASA’s Early Career
Initiative, the KNaCK project has partnered with
Torch Technologies Inc. of Huntsville to develop the backpack prototype and
associated navigation algorithms that permit accurate mapping without GPS. The
project’s commercial vendor, Aeva Inc. of Mountain View, California, is
supplying FMCW-lidar sensors and support, working with NASA to enhance the
backpack’s lidar sensing system for use on the Moon and other extraplanetary
human excursions.
Using KNaCK during rover excursions and when traveling on foot, explorers
could precisely map the topography of the landscape, including deep ravines,
mountains, and caves. Lidar even works in pitch blackness, relieving astronauts
of the need to haul cumbersome lighting rigs everywhere they go.
This video of a UAV drone landing in the dusty New Mexico desert demonstrates how the KNaCK technology – leveraging 4D FMCW-lidar data from NASA vendor Aeva Inc. of Mountain View, California – combines live, real-time high-definition video imaging, as seen at upper left panel; lidar ranging data, at upper right; and lidar Doppler velocity data. The latter tracks the speed and direction of dust particles kicked up by the descending drone, with red indicating particles moving away from the scanner and blue indicating those moving toward it. Such capabilities, now in development by researchers at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, could benefit future science missions on other worlds in addition to enabling real-time topographical mapping by explorers. Credits: NASA/Michael Zanetti
“As human beings, we tend to orient ourselves based on landmarks – a
specific building, a grove of trees,” Zanetti said. “Those things don’t exist
on the Moon. KNaCK will continuously enable explorers traversing the surface to
determine their movement, direction, and orientation to distant peaks or to
their base of operations. They can even mark specific sites where they found
some unique mineral or rock formation, so others can easily return for further
study.”
That’s vital for astronauts on a clock, their excursions limited by the
oxygen supply in their suits. KNaCK’s ultra-high-resolution precision – an
order of magnitude greater than conventional lunar topography maps and
elevation models – makes it a vital resource for conducting science and mission
operations 238,900 miles away from mission control, Zanetti said.
The hardware will get another major field test in late April at NASA’s Solar
System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI) in Kilbourne Hole, New
Mexico. The team previously put the KNaCK system through its paces at that
ancient volcanic crater – estimated to be 25,000-80,000 years old – in November
2021. They also used it recently to conduct a 3D reconstruction of the
6-mile-long sea barrier dunes at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida, which
protect its primary rocket launch pads. Kennedy and Marshall engineers will
continue to use KNaCK to assess the impact of storms on dune erosion, ensuring
the safety of future flight missions as they further refine the system.
Next, the KNaCK team will work to miniaturize the hardware – the backpack
prototype weighs about 40 pounds – and harden the sensitive electronics against
the punishing effects of microgravity and solar radiation.
"Taking advantage of the latest advancements in lidar technology from Aeva, our next-generation space-hardened unit with support from Torch Technologies will be about the size of a soda can and could enable lunar surface operations like never before," Zanetti said. He envisions mounting it on a rover or on the side of an astronaut’s helmet – which should leave plenty of room in future lunar mountaineers’ all-purpose backpacks.
Learn more about NASA’s return to the Moon here: https://www.nasa.gov/artemisprogram
Source: NASA,
Partners Develop Lunar Backpack to Aid Future Moon Explorers | NASA
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