Night Lights: Aurora, Noctilucent Clouds, and the Zodiacal Light - EARTH

Have you spotted any “night lights”? These phenomena brighten dark skies with celestial light ranging from mild to dazzling: the subtle light pyramid of the zodiacal light, the eerie twilight glow of noctilucent clouds, and most famous of all, the wildly unpredictable and mesmerizing aurora.

Aurora, often referred to as the Northern Lights (Aurora Borealis) or Southern Lights (Aurora Australis), can indeed be a wonderful sight, but the beautiful photos and videos shared online are often misleading. For most observers, not near-polar latitudes, auroral displays are relatively rare and faint, and without much structure, more gray than colorful, and show up much better in photos. However, geomagnetic storms can create auroras that dance and shift rapidly across the skies with several distinct colors and appear to observers much further away from the poles - on very rare occasions even down to the mid-latitudes of North America! Geomagnetic storms are caused when a magnetic storm on our Sun creates a massive explosion that flings a mass of particles away from its surface, known as a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME). If Earth is in the path of this CME, its particles interact with our planet’s magnetic field and result in auroral displays high up in our ionosphere. As we enter our Sun’s active period of its 11-year solar cycle, CMEs become more common and increase the chance for dazzling displays! If you have seen any aurora, you can report your sighting to the Aurorasaurus citizen science program at aurorasaurus.org

Christy Turner Photography

Have you ever seen wispy clouds glowing an eclectic blue after sunset, possibly towards your west or northwest? That wasn’t your imagination; those luminescent clouds are noctilucent clouds (also called Polar Mesospheric Clouds). They are thought to form when water vapor condenses around ‘seeds’ of dust from vaporized meteorites - along with other sources that include rocket launches and volcanic eruptions - around 50 miles high in the mesosphere. Their glow is caused by the Sun, whose light still shines at that altitude after sunset from the perspective of ground-based observers. Noctilucent clouds are increasing both in frequency and in how far south they are observed, a development that may be related to climate change. Keeping in mind that observers closer in latitude to the poles have a better chance of spotting them, your best opportunity to spot noctilucent clouds occurs from about half an hour to two hours after sunset during the summer months. NASA’s former AIM mission studied these clouds from its orbit high above the North Pole.

Noctilucent clouds appeared in the sky above Edmonton, Alberta, in Canada on July 2, 2011.

NASA/Dave Hughes

You may have seen the zodiacal light without even realizing it; there is a reason it’s nicknamed the “false dawn”! Viewers under dark skies have their best chance of spotting this pyramid of ghostly light a couple of hours after sunset around the spring equinox, or a couple of hours before dawn around the autumnal equinox.

The bright light at the end of this country road is a close conjunction of two Venus and Jupiter from August 27, 2016. This vertical panorama shows the central Milky Way near zenith, posed on top of a pillar of zodiacal light along the ecliptic plane.

Credit: Copyright Josh Calcino, used with permission

Unlike our previous two examples of night lights, observers closer to the equator are best positioned to view the zodiacal light! Long known to be composed of interplanetary dust orbiting in the plane of our solar system reflecting sunlight, these fine particles were thought to originate from comets and asteroids. However, scientists from NASA’s Juno mission published a fascinating study indicating a possible alternative origin: dust from Mars! 

By: Originally posted by Dave Prosper: April 2022, Last Updated by Kat Troche: October 2024

By: Night Lights: Aurora, Noctilucent Clouds, and the Zodiacal Light - NASA Science