Alzheimer's
disease affects millions of people worldwide, yet the illness is hardest to
catch at the very beginning, when new treatments may work best. In a new study,
Duke Health researchers show that a quick, outpatient nasal swab can pick up
early biological changes linked to Alzheimer's, even before thinking and memory
problems appear.
The study, published in Nature
Communications, used a gentle swab placed high inside the nose to collect nerve and immune cells.
When researchers analyzed these cells, they found clear patterns that separated
people with early or diagnosed Alzheimer's from those without the disease.
"We want to be able to confirm Alzheimer's very
early, before damage has a chance to build up in the brain," said Bradley
J. Goldstein, M.D., Ph.D., corresponding author and professor in the
departments of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Cell Biology
and Neurobiology at Duke University School of Medicine.
"If we can diagnose people early enough, we might
be able to start therapies that prevent them from ever developing clinical
Alzheimer's," Goldstein said.
The procedure to collect nasal cells took just a few
minutes. After applying a numbing spray, a clinician guides a tiny brush into
the upper part of the nose where smell-detecting nerve cells live. Researchers
then study the collected cells to see which genes are active, a sign of what's happening inside
the brain.
The study
compared samples from 22 participants, measuring the activity of thousands of genes across hundreds of thousands of individual cells, amounting to
millions of data points. The nasal swab was able to pick up early shifts in
nerve and immune cells. This includes people who showed lab-based signs of
Alzheimer's but had no symptoms yet.
A combined nose tissue gene score correctly separated early and clinical Alzheimer's from healthy
controls about 81% of the time.
Mary Umstead, a voluntary participant in the study,
said she felt moved to join the research in honor of her late sister, Mariah
Umstead.
"When the opportunity came along to be part of a
research study, I just jumped at it because I would never want any family to
have to go through that kind of loss that we went through with Mariah,"
Mary said. "I would never want any patient to go through what she went
through either."
Mary said Mariah was 57 years old when she was
diagnosed with young-onset Alzheimer's, but her family started noticing signs
of the disease long before she was diagnosed.
Current blood tests for Alzheimer's detect markers
that appear later in the disease process. By contrast, this nasal swab captures
living nerve and immune activity and may provide an earlier, more direct look
at disease-related changes, helping identify people at risk sooner.
"Much of what we know about Alzheimer's comes
from autopsy tissue," said Vincent M. D'Anniballe, the study's first
author and student in the Medical Scientist Training Program at Duke. "Now
we can study living neural tissue, opening new possibilities for diagnosis and
treatment."
The Duke team, in collaboration with the Duke & UNC Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, is now expanding the research to larger groups and exploring whether the swab could help track how well treatments are working over time. Duke has filed a U.S. patent related to this approach.
Provided
by Duke
University Medical Center
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