Quantum teleportation transfers the quantum state of one particle onto another, identical particle, and at the same time erases the state in the original. This situation can’t be meaningfully distinguished from one in which the original particle itself has been moved to the target location: that transport has not really happened, but to all appearances it might as well have.
Crucially, however, this works only if you do not know what ‘information’ you are sending — that is, what the quantum state of the original particle actually is.
Teleportation of a quantum state uses the phenomenon of quantum entanglement as a means of transmission. When two or more particles are entangled, their quantum states are interdependent, no matter how far apart they are. In effect, they act as a single quantum object, described by a single wavefunction — the mathematical construct that encodes all the quantum properties of the object.
Here's a good explainer of what quantum teleportation is, and perhaps more importantly, what it isn't via Nature: http://www.nature.com/news/quantum-teleportation-is-even-weirder-than-you-think-1.22321
Infographic via JPL/NASAhttps://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4384
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